08 December 2021

Paul Claudel : The Holy Infant - A Christmas Poem

Fotobanka ČTK, René Fluger;, CC BY-SA 3.0 
Introduction


Whilst searching for materials on the Holy Infant of Prague, I discovered a poem written by a French poet called Paul Claudel. The poem speaks of the Holy Infant and also of children looking forward to the great Feast of Christmas. I learned that Claudel experienced a spiritual conversion on Christmas Day 1886, the same day as Thérèse Martin...

Left: Church of Our Lady Victorious and of the Prague Infant Jesus

Ste Thérèse : a Christmas miracle in 1886


From Chapter V of The Story of a Soul:

Comment donc osais-je espérer mon entrée prochaine au Carmel? Un petit miracle était nécessaire pour me faire grandir en un moment; et, ce miracle tant désiré, le bon Dieu le fit au jour inoubliable du 25 décembre 1886. En cette fête de Noël, en cette nuit bénie, Jésus, le doux Enfant d'une heure, changea la nuit de mon âme en torrents de lumière. En se rendant faible et petit pour mon amour, il me rendit forte et courageuse; il me revêtit de ses armes, et depuis je marchai de victoire en victoire, commençant pour ainsi dire une course de géant. La source de mes larmes fut tarie et ne s'ouvrit plus que rarement et difficilement.

How, then, could I hope soon to be admitted to the Carmel? A miracle on a small scale was needed to give me strength of character all at once, and God worked this long-desired miracle on Christmas Day, 1886. On that blessed night the sweet Infant Jesus, scarce an hour old, filled the darkness of my soul with floods of light. By becoming weak and little, for love of me, He made me strong and brave; He put His own weapons into my hands, so that I went from victory to victory, beginning, if I may say so, "to run as a giant."The fountain of my tears was dried up, and from that time they flowed neither easily nor often.

Claudel : a Christmas Conversion in 1886


I, Sailko, CC BY-SA 3.0
On Christmas Day in 1886 Paul Claudel attended High Mass at the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. He was not particularly moved by the ceremony, left and then returned later for vespers. “It was the gloomiest winter day and the darkest rainy afternoon over Paris,” he wrote. He listened to the Psalms and the Magnificat.

For the rest of his life he recalled that he “stood near the second pillar at the entrance to the chancel, to the right, on the side of the sacristy.” Here stands a fourteenth-century statue of the Virgin and Child. “Then occurred the event which dominates my entire life,” he wrote.

“In an instant, my heart was touched and I believed. I believed with such a strength of adherence, with such an uplifting of my entire being, with such powerful conviction, with such a certainty leaving no room for any kind of doubt, that since then all the books, all the arguments, all the incidents and accidents of a busy life have been unable to shake my faith, nor indeed to affect it in any way.”



The Holy Infant : a Christmas Poem


Here is Claudel's poem which I have divided into two at the point of the first rhyming triplet. My English translation follows each stanza. As it was written for a child, I have kept the metre and rhyming scheme of the original (see Notes, below).


Le grand monde est mort sans doute. C’est décembre.
Mais qu’il fait bon, mon Dieu, dans la petite chambre !
La cheminée emplie de charbons rougeoyants
Colore le plafond d’un reflet somnolent,
Et l’on n’entend que l’eau qui bout à petit bruit.
Là-haut sur l’étagère, au-dessus des deux lits,
Sous son globe de verre, couronne en tête,
L’une des mains tenant le monde, l’autre prête
À couvrir ces petits qui se confient à elle,
Tout aimable dans sa grande robe solennelle
Et magnifique sous cet énorme chapeau jaune,
L’Enfant Jésus de Prague règne et trône.
Il est tout seul devant le foyer qui l’éclaire
Comme l’hostie cachée au fond du sanctuaire,
L’Enfant-Dieu jusqu’au jour garde ses petits frères.

The world has surely died in chill December’s gloom
But here ‘tis warm, my Lord, within Thy little room!
The grate is laden full of coals all red and glowing,
Projecting sleepy shapes across the ceiling showing,
And nothing can be heard save water’s simmering sound.
All high above the beds, upon a shelf He’s found,
Within a case of glass, a royal crown He wears,
One hand sustains the world; the other, blessing, shares
His love for little ones who fly to His protection;
So lovely in His cloak and solemn in perfection,
Magnificent He seems with grand, majestic train:
Prague’s Holy Infant here in royalty doth reign.
Alone He stands before the fire’s flickering light
Just like the Sacred Host, He hidden is from sight;
His little brothers He will guard throughout the night. 

Inentendue comme le souffle qui s’exhale,
L’existence éternelle emplit la chambre, égale
À toutes ces pauvres choses innocentes et naïves !
Quand il est avec nous, nul mal ne nous arrive.
On peut dormir, Jésus, notre frère, est ici.
Il est à nous, et toutes ces bonnes choses aussi :
La poupée merveilleuse, et le cheval de bois,
Et le mouton sont là, dans ce coin tous les trois.
Et nous dormons, mais toutes ces bonnes choses sont à nous !
Les rideaux sont tirés… Là-bas, on ne sait où,
Dans la neige et la nuit sonne une espèce d’heure.
L’enfant dans son lit chaud comprend avec bonheur
Qu’il dort et que quelqu’un qui l’aime bien est là,
S’agite un peu, murmure vaguement, sort le bras,
Essaye de se réveiller et ne peut pas.

As silent as a breath when noiselessly exhaled,
With His Eternal Life, the chamber is regaled
Befitting little ones in all their innocence!
His presence is for us ‘gainst evil a defence.
With brother Jesus here, ‘tis safe to fall asleep.
He’s there for us but more - the gifts He too doth keep:
The magic puppet's here, the sheep and wooden horse,
All three are kept within a corner, safe of course.
We slumber on and yet these things for us are there!
The curtains they are drawn: beyond, we know not where,
A sort of Hour doth chime in dark and snowy night,
All snug and warm the child discerneth with delight
That while he sleeps yet One there is who loves him dear;
And murmuring he tries to push his arm out clear,
To rouse himself from sleep but, failing... slumbers here.

 

Notes


Paul Claudel.1928. Public domain

One source ("Nuageneuf") dates this poem to 1911. 

"François Claudel, grandson of the writer and diplomat Paul Claudel, offers this poem composed by his grandfather in October 1911 and featured in the Figaro in May 1938, taken from Sacred Images in Bohemia. He had offered the poem to him for Christmas, when he was a child."

Prague is not only the city of Jan Hus but also of St John Nepomucene [1] St Wenceslas, [2] and especially of the Infant Jesus who covers the city with His protection.

 


 

[1] St John of Nepomuk (or John Nepomucene):  1345 - 1393); a saint of Bohemia (Czech Republic) who was drowned in the Vltava river at the command of Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. He issaid to have beenthe confessor of the queen of Bohemia and refused to reveal the secrets of the confessional. He is considered the first martyr of the Seal of the Confessional and a protector from floods and drowning.

[2] St Wenceslaus: born 903; died 935. He received a Catholic education from his grandmother, St. Ludmilla. Wenceslaus  favoured the Latin rite instead of the old Slavonic. Wenceslaus was murdered by his brother Boleslaw, his body, having been hacked to pieces, was buried at the scene of the crime, but was later translated to the Church of St. Vitus in Prague.




14 October 2021

Vernacular and a surprising etymology

"Latin is rigid, a dead language, no-one understands it, it is inaccessible, exclusionary....
But something said in the vernacular is alive, it's inclusive, accessible to all...."


I decided to investigate the etymology of vernacular.?The results surprised me. 

The online OED offers the following:

vernacular, adj. and n.

2. a. Of a language or dialect: That is naturally spoken by the people of a particular country or district; native, indigenous.

6. Of arts, or features of these: Native or peculiar to a particular country or locality. spec. in vernacular architecture, architecture concerned with ordinary domestic and functional buildings rather than the essentially monumental.

Forms:  Also 1600s vernaculer.

Etymology: < Latin vernāculus domestic, native, indigenous (hence Italian vernacolo, Portuguese vernaculo), < verna a home-born slave, a native.
The Latin adjective occurs in a large variety of applications; the restricted use common in English is represented by vernacula vocabula in Varro.

Lewis & Short offer the following: (highlighting added)

verna, ae, comm. [root vas, to dwell; Sanscr. vāstu, house; Gr. ἄστυ, city], a slave born in his master's house, a homeborn slave.

Lit.: vernas alere, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 104; id. Am. 1, 1, 24; Just. 38, 6, 7; Val. Max. 3, 4, 3; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15, 2; Hor. Epod. 2, 65; id. S. 1, 2, 117; 2, 6, 66.—In gen. fem., Inscr. Orell. 1320.— Such slaves were trained up as buffoons or jesters, Mart. 1, 42, 2; cf. Sen. Prov. 1, 6; and v. vernilitas.—As a term of abuse, Plaut. Am. 4, 2, 13.—

Transf., a native: de plebe Remi Numaeque verna, Jucundus, etc., Mart. 10, 76, 4; cf.: Romanos vernas appellabant, id est ibidem natos, Fest. p. 372 Müll.—Hence,

Adj.: ver-nus, a, um, native: apri, Mart. 1, 50, 24: lupi, id. 10, 30, 21: tuberes, id. 13, 43, 2: liber, i. e. written in Rome, id. 3, 1, 6.

vernīlĭtas, ātis, f. [vernilis] (mostly post-Aug.).

Cringing obsequiousness, servility, Sen. Ep. 95, 2.—

Coarse, pert, jesting, pertness, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 342, 17; Quint. 1, 11, 2; Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 79.

TBC....













































Or do we prefer the most beautiful thing this side of Heaven?

































17 September 2021

Spiritual Exercise : During Mass (Part 3)

When the Creed is recited

O Sovereign Majesty, I firmly believe Thou art one God in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, who created all things out of nothing.

I believe that Thy second person, who is Thy Son, was made man, and was born of the blessed Virgin Mary, by the operation of the Holy Ghost : that He died for me : that He rose again : that He ascended into Heaven and that He is to judge the world : I believe in the seven Sacraments of the holy Catholic Church, Catholic and Roman.


Finally, I believe everything 



this same Church teaches, and I wish to live and die in this Faith, even if it were necessary to endure torments, following the example of the Holy martyrs.


At the Offertory

Eternal Father, united with Thy holy love, and in memory of this divine Sacrifice offered to Thee on the wood of the Cross by my Saviour Jesus Christ, represented by this (Host), I offer the whole of myself, all my thoughts, words and deeds, imploring Thine infinite goodness to arrange them all to Thine honour and glory. Amen.


At the Sursum corda

Lord, how desirable are Thy Tabernacles! My soul wishes to be united with Thee more ardently than the thirsty hart pants after refreshing waters.[1]


Draw me after Thee, O my All, and I shall run after the fragrance of Thy perfumes : for without Thee, I can aspire to nothing, in Heaven or on Earth!

O that the love of Thine eternal blessings might live forever engraved in my soul, I would pay no more heed to the perishable things of this world!

O my God, when shall I go to see Thee clearly in Thy glory! When shall I have that happiness of prostrating myself before Thee visibly?


At the Sanctus

O Holy of Holies, grant me to know what Thou art and Thy eternal being, so that my soul, illuminated by Thy light, may praise Thee, glorify Thee and bless Thee in Thine eternity. 

Amen.


[1] As the hart panteth after the fountains of water; so my soul panteth after thee, O God. Quemadmodum desiderat cervus ad fontes aquarum, ita desiderat anima mea ad te, Deus. [Psalm XLI 2]

Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.













16 September 2021

Spiritual Exercise : During Mass (Part 2)

At the Kyrie Eleison

O most merciful Lord, I humbly beg pardon of you for all those in mortal sin and implore you by your precious Blood, Death and Passion to inspire in them a perfect contrition and repentance for their sins, so that your holy name may be praised in them and through them.





At the Gloria in Excelsis
O my God! I rejoice to see you adored by the Angels, and I am greatly saddened that you are so unknown and forgotten by men.

Lord, alongside these blessed Spirits, I adore you and wish with all my heart that everyone coud know and adore you.

O King of Glory, lift up my heart so that it can glorify your holy name on earth,just as the Angels glorify it in Heaven.

All that I say and do will be for your glory, not in search of my own : I shall always have these words on my lips, Glory be to God. 

When the Priest says, Dominus vobiscum, say :


Lord, my God, dwell always with me, and never leave me.


At the Collect
O Eternal God, look down with the eyes of your mercy on your Church, and receive the Prayers and Supplications that she offers you through the ministry of the priest, and grant these requests by the merits of Jesus Christ, your beloved Son. Amen. 


At the Epistle
O Gentle Saviour, grant me the illumination to see and always to carry out your holy will, and grant me the grace patiently to bear, for love of you, whatever adversities come my way.


O God of my heart, give light to the eyes of my understanding, inflame my heart and my affections, so that I may keep and obey your commandments, your advice and your holy inspiration. Amen.


Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.




15 September 2021

Spiritual Exercise : During Mass (Part 1)

[Continuing the excerpts from the 1701 French book Heures Chre'tiennes Dedie'es au Roy]






Going to Mass

Oh my sweet Jesus, I am going with you to Calvary : make me to share in the love which led you there.

Give me the feelings of the daughters of Jerusalem, meeting you laden with your Cross, a halter around your neck, and the crown of thorns on your head.

Grant me such a resignation of my will to yours as your blessed Mother had 


at the foot of the Cross, and by the merits of your sufferings and of her constancy, grant me the gift of perseverance in your love. Amen.

When entering the Church, say:

Lord, I shall enter your house, I shall adore your holy Altar, I shall see there the Holy of Holies, and I shall praise your holy Name.

You will say before the Crucifix

Oh Love crucified, who has led you to suffer so many pains, and a death so cruel, for the sake of me, a miserable sinner?

Oh God of my soul, bind me close to you, & unbind me from myself!

Grant me this grace, my sweet Jesus! That my Cross be joined to 

your own, and that I bear it with a good will. At your feet, I offer
my intentions, at your side, my actions, desiring with my whole heart that you should be always the unique object of my soul : My God, be merciful unto me. Amen.

At the start of the Mass

Most gentle Jesus, I prostrate myself in all humility at your feet, desirous of bathing and washing them with my tears, on account of the displeasure of sins I have committed against your divine Majesty, imploring you to have mercy on this poor and feeble creature, redeemed by your precious Blood; do not punish her according to her faults.

Lord,  I acknowledge my faults, and I repent of them with a sincere heart : I humbly beg pardon of you for them, and, with the help of your holy grace, resolving in the future to be more on my guard against falling again into such sins,

and to try with all diligence to be more watchful, & to love you with all the strength of my soul.

Amen.

Then, you will say the Misereatur & the Confiteor, after the Priest.

At the Introit of the Mass

Oh everlasting God, I rejoice in that you alone are He who is, & that none has being except through you. Oh infinite greatness! You know well what you are and what I am, you are all and I am nothing, and yet you seek me.


Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.

14 September 2021

Evening Prayers

Evening Prayers



In the name of the Father, & of the Son, & of the Holy Ghoʃt. Amen.

Let us place ourselves in the presence of God.

Come Holy Ghost, & the following prayer, Our Father, Hail Mary, Apostles’ Creed, and the I Confess, as above.

Act of Thanksgiving

My God, I thank you for all the benefits that I have received from your generous bounty, for my creation and preservation,


and for all the graces you have given me each day, each hour and each moment : I offer you as much acknowledgement and gratitude as I can to your divine Majesty.


My God, I am heartily sorry for having sinned against you, because you are infinitely good and sin displeases you; I firmly resolve, with the help of your grace, to return no more to the sins I have committed; I place them all into the great depth of your mercy, and at the foot of the Cross of your beloved Son, entreating you most humbly in His name and for the love of Him, to pardon me.



My God, I offer myself to you such as I am; do with me as you please : 


My God, I wish only for that which you desire. I reject everything that displeases you and I offer you all that I am capable of offering you. 


O glorious Virgin Mary! Please pray that your beloved Son will give me to know His holy will and that I may do His will entirely for your greater glory.

Dear guardian Angel, I thank you for the loving care you have for me : pray that Our Lord will give me His holy blessing and please give me yours.


The Litany of the Virgin, as below.




Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.

13 September 2021

Morning Prayers : Part 3

The Commandments of God[1]

I am the Lord thy God, who brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. Thou shalt not have strange gods before me. Thou shalt not make to thyself an idol, nor any graven thing, nor the likeness of any thing to adore it.

II. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain: for the Lord thy God will not hold him guiltless that shall take the name of the Lord his God in vain.

III. Remember that thou keep holy the sabbath day.

IV. Honour thy father and thy mother, that thou mayest be longlived upon the land.

V. Thou shalt not kill.

VI. Thou shalt not commit fornication.[2]

VII. Thou shalt not steal.

VIII. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.

IX. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife.

X. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, nor his servant, nor his handmaid, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is his.



The Commandments of the Church

Observe the Feast days prescribed by the Church, abstaining from servile works.

II. Reverently hear the holy Sacrifice of the Mass on Sundays and Feasts.

III. Fast during Lent, Ember Days and Vigils, and abstaining from meat on Fridays and Saturdays.

IV. Confess your sins every year to your own Priest

V. Receive the holy Sacrament of the Eucharist at least once a year in your Parish during Eastertide.



The Commandments of Charity

Love the Lord thy God with thy whole heart, with thy whole strength, with thy whole soul and with thy whole mind, and thy neighbour as thyself.

The Seven Sacraments of the Church

Baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Eucharist, Extreme Unction, Holy orders & Marriage.

[1] Exodus xx 1-10.
[2] Relations sexuelles hors mariage, péché de chair. Larousse DDF; Sexual relations outside marriage, sin of the flesh. From fornix , icis, m.: an arch, vault, brothel.


Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.



12 September 2021

Morning Prayers : Part 2

 Act of Adoration

I adore you, my God, by all the Acts of adoration that are due to your divine Majesty, and I thank you with all my heart for having given me a soul capable of knowing you, of loving you and of enjoying happiness with you for ever. I thank you for having redeemed me by the price of your blood and your life, and also for having preserved all the hours and moments of my own, and particularly during this last night.



My God, I beg very humbly pardon for sins that I have


committed since yesterday evening.

My God, here is this heart which through your grace has conceived holy resolutions : I present them to you so that you may bless them and that I may fulfil them for your greater glory. Grant me the grace to know your holy will and make my own will wholly conformable to your own : I offer you my thoughts, my words and my actions. Yes, my Saviour, I promise to do all I can in your service. Everything is yours, everything comes from you, and I place all beneath your holy and adorable providence : I ask only for your love, and the grace to die rather than commit a mortal sin.



Most holy Virgin, please pray to Our Lord Jesus for me so that all my thoughts, words and actions, today and for the whole of my


life, may be pleasing to Him.

My guardian Angel, please continue to look after me with your loving care, inspire God’s will in me in all the works of this day, lead me on the path of my salvation.

The Litany of the Holy Name of Jesus (as below)



Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.

11 September 2021

Morning Prayers : Part 1

Spiritual Exercise for the Christian

Morning Prayers





In the name of the Father, & of the Son, & of the Holy Ghoʃt. Amen.
Let us place ourselves in the presence of God.

Come, Holy Spirit, fill the hearts of Thy faithful and kindle in them the fire of Thy love.
V. Send forth Thy Spirit and they shall be created
R. And Thou shalt renew the face of the earth.










Let us pray
O GOD, Who taught the hearts of the faithful by the light of the Holy Spirit, grant that, by the gift of the same Spirit, we may be always truly wise, and ever rejoice in His consolation. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

The Lord’s Prayer

Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.

The Angelic Salutation

Hail Mary full of grace, our Lord is with thee; bleʃʃed art thou amongʃt women; and bleʃʃed 


is the fruit of thy Womb Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us ʃinners, now, and in the hour of our death. Amen.


The Apostles’ Creed

I believe in God, the Father almighty, Creator of Heaven and Earth, and in Jeʃus Chriʃt, His only Son, our Lord, Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried; deʃcended into Hell; the third day He roʃe again from the dead; aʃcended into Heaven, sitteth at the right hand of God, the Father Almighty; from thence He ʃhall come to judge the quick and the dead. I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Holy Catholic Church, 






the Communion of saints, the Remiʃʃion of sins, the Reʃurrection of the Flesh, and the Life Everlasting. Amen.

The Confession of Sins

I confeʃs to Almighty God, to the bleʃʃed Virgin Mary, to the bleʃʃed Michael the Archangel, to the bleʃʃed John Baptist, to the holy Apostles Peter and Paul, and to all the Saints, that I have grievously ʃinned in thought, word, and deed, through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault. Therefore, I beseech the bleʃʃed Virgin Mary, the bleʃʃed Michael the Archangel, the blessed John Baptist, the holy Apostles Peter and Paul, and all the Saints, to pray for me to our Lord God. Amen.



Almighty God have mercy onus, and all our ʃins being forgiven, bring us to everlasting Life.
R. Amen.
The Almighty and merciful Lord give us pardon, absolution and remiʃʃion of all our sins.





Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.



10 September 2021

Prayer to Jesus

[Continuing with excerpts from the 1701 prayer book]



Prayer to Jesus


Soul of Jesus, sanctify me,
Body of Jesus, save me,
Blood of Jesus, intoxicate me,[1]
Water from the side of Jesus, wash me.[2]
O good Jesus, hear me,
Hide me in your sacred wounds,
Do not allow me to be ever separated from you,
Defend me from my enemy.
Call me at the hour of my death
And command me to come to you,
So that I may praise you with your saints,
For ever and ever. Amen.




Compare with the following from PREPARATION A LA MORT – 1709:


Soul of Jesus, sanctify me,
Body of Jesus, save me,
Blood of Jesus, purify me,
Water from the side of Jesus, wash me.
Passion of Christ, strengthen me,
Wounds of Jesus, heal me,
Heart of Jesus, set me ablaze,
Nails of Jesus, pierce me,
Thorns of Jesus, crown me,
Cross of Jesus, consecrate me,
Goodness of Jesus, absolve me,
Grace of Jesus, fill me,
Spirit of Jesus, inspire me,
Sweetness of Jesus, console me,
Mercy of Jesus, save me,
Feet of Jesus, come to me,
Hands of Jesus, bless me,
O good Jesus, hear me,
Hide me in your wounds,
Do not separate yourself from me,
From the wicked spirit, defend me,
And lead me by your infinite mercy to eternal happiness, 
To praise you with your Saints, world without end. 
Amen. 


[1] Enivrer: In addition to inebriate, the LDDF offers a second meaning: 2. Remplir quelqu'un d'exaltation, d'une émotion vive. 2. To fill someone with exaltation, with a lively emotion. Synonymes : enflammer - entêter - enthousiasmer - étourdir - exciter - griser - soulever – transporter.   Larousse DDF
[2] The traditional version of the Anima Christi prayer at this point has Passio Christi, conforta me / Passion of christ strengthen me.


Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.

09 September 2021

The Dedication

[Continuing with excerpts from the 1701 prayer book]

The next two pages contain the Dedication.





To the King,


Sire,

Different by far from that favourite 
of Tiberius, a courtier who presented his vows 
first[1] to the ear of his Prince 
rather than to the Altars of the Gods, 
having consecrated this vow of 
devotion to the Divine Majesty, I come to offer it to your Majesty. The piety which inspires all your royal 
actions will open your hands 
to receive it and your mouth 
to approve its author who has no 
other motive, Sire, 
in planning this work, than the glory 
of God and the desire to contribute 
to the fervour of your holy devotions 
everything that can and should be of 
the greatest piety, justice and value 
in the world to his King 



Your Majesty’s



Most humble and most obedient 
and most faithful subject and 
servant. C.P.


[1] Plus tôt (que), ... avant ; plus vite. Plus tôt implique une idée de temps et s'oppose à plus tard : Before; more quickly. Plus tôt implies an idea of time and is opposed to later.  Larousse DDF
[2] Prose : Chant liturgique strophique et versifié, souvent rimé et qui, à certaines messes, prend place après le graduel. (Par exemple Veni, Sancte Spiritus ; Lauda Sion ; Dies iræ.) Liturgical chant in strophes and verses, often rhyming and which in certain Masses follow the gradual (e.g., Veni, Sancte Spiritus ; Lauda Sion ; Dies iræ.) Larousse DDF
[3] Oraiʃons1. Prière liturgique de la messe et de l'office des heures. 2. Prière mentale sous forme de méditation, dans laquelle le cœur a plus de part que l'esprit. 1. Liturgical prayer of the Mass and the Office. 2. Mental prayer in the form of meditation, in which the heart has a greater role than the mind. SAINTE CATHERINE, DE SIENNE [CATERINA BENINCASA] (Sienne 1347-Rome 1380) Qu'est-ce qui nous rend forts et persévérants ? L'oraison humble et continuelle faite dans la cellule de la connaissance de soi-même et de la bonté de Dieu en soi. What gives us strength and perseverance? Humble and continual prayer in the cell of self-knowledge and God’s goodness in oneself. 
Larousse DDF

Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.

08 September 2021

Preserving a 1701 French Book of Prayers

The oldest book I have in my possession is a book of prayers published  in Paris and bearing the date 1701. The pages are intact and legible but the binding is in very poor condition. The book measures 11 cm x 7.5 cm and has 527 pages.

The title of the book is: "Christian Hours, dedicated to the King." The word "Hours" refers to the prayers or offices appointed to be said at the seven stated times of the day allotted to prayer (the canonical hours). The King in question was none other than Louis XIV, the Sun King (1638-1715). 

My intention is to post excerpts from the pages of this book in their original French and Latin, accompanied by my translation and notes. I offer the project today as a birthday present to Our gentle Queen and Mother, the Blessed Virgin Mary, entreating her to intercede for my family, EEKPTEE & EA, so that through God's mercy we may merrily meet in heaven.[1]


Frontispiece


The Christian Hours

Dedicated

To the King

Containing

The Offices, Vespers,

Hymns and Chants[2] of the Church

In French and in Latin

Newly supplemented with several 

Prayers and Orisons[3] most holy.

By the Rev. Father Le Bossu of the 

Society of Jesus

Paris

La Veuve Senecart

rue des Carmes, at the tree of Life.

M. DCCI.



[1] Farewell ... pray for me, and I shall for you and all your friends, that we may merrily meet in heaven. These are from the last letter of Sir Thomas More to his family and friends, written on 5 July 1535, the day before his execution. More wrote with a stick of charcoal on cloth; King Henry VIII had ordered his books and writing materials to be removed.
[2] Prose : Chant liturgique strophique et versifié, souvent rimé et qui, à certaines messes, prend place après le graduel. (Par exemple Veni, Sancte Spiritus ; Lauda Sion ; Dies iræ.) Liturgical chant in strophes and verses, often rhyming and which in certain Masses follow the gradual (e.g., Veni, Sancte Spiritus ; Lauda Sion ; Dies iræ.)
[3] Oraiʃons1. Prière liturgique de la messe et de l'office des heures. 2. Prière mentale sous forme de méditation, dans laquelle le cœur a plus de part que l'esprit. 1. Liturgical prayer of the Mass and the Office. 2. Mental prayer in the form of meditation, in which the heart has a greater role than the mind. SAINTE CATHERINE, DE SIENNE [CATERINA BENINCASA] (Sienne 1347-Rome 1380) Qu'est-ce qui nous rend forts et persévérants ? L'oraison humble et continuelle faite dans la cellule de la connaissance de soi-même et de la bonté de Dieu en soi. What gives us strength and perseverance? Humble and continual prayer in the cell of self-knowledge and God’s goodness in oneself. 


Totus tuus ego sum
Et omnia mea tua sunt;
Tecum semper tutus sum:
Ad Jesum per Mariam.




29 August 2021

O Salutaris Hostia : Ite missa est

The following post contains the text of an email I sent to a friend who is a retired teacher of Greek and Latin. It raises the question as to the reason for the use of the word Mass. 

I made (what was for me) a startling discovery this morning in connection with the use of the word Missa / Mass. There is a tantalising reference buried deep in the Summa Theologiæ of St. Thomas. In Article 4 of Question 83 (in the Third Part), he considers : Whether the words spoken in this sacrament are properly framed?

He lists nine "objections" and the last of these reads:

Objection 9. Further, just as Christ's body does not begin to be in this sacrament by change of place, as stated above (III:75:2), so likewise neither does it cease to be there. Consequently, it is improper for the priest to ask: "Bid these things[1] be borne by the hands of thy holy angel unto Thine altar on high." (English translation from Catholic Encyclopedia)

... corpus Christi, sicut non incœpit esse in hoc sacramento per loci mutationem, ut supra dictum est, ita etiam nec esse desinit. Inconvenienter ergo sacerdos petit, iube hæc[1] perferri per manus sancti Angeli tui in sublime altare tuum. (Latin text from Corpus Thomisticum)

He presents as his reply to the ninth Objection words that include the following:

And from this the Mass derives its name [Missa] because the priest sends [mittit] his prayers up to God through the angel, as the people do through the priest. Or else because Christ is the victim sent [missa] to us: accordingly the deacon on festival days "dismisses" the people at the end of the mass, by saying: "Ite, missa est," that is, the victim has been sent [missa est] to God through the angel, so that it [sic] may be accepted by God.

Et propter hoc etiam Missa nominatur. Quia per Angelum sacerdos preces ad Deum mittit, sicut populus per sacerdotem. Vel quia Christus est hostia nobis missa. Unde et in fine Missæ diaconus in festis diebus populum licentiat, dicens, ite, Missa est, scilicet hostia ad Deum per Angelum, ut scilicet sit Deo accepta.

Now, St. Thomas writes of the uniqueness of the Mass: 

Since the whole mystery of our salvation is comprised in this sacrament, therefore is it performed with greater solemnity than the other sacraments.

in hoc sacramento totum mysterium nostræ salutis comprehenditur, ideo præ ceteris sacramentis cum maiori solemnitate agitur.

Granted this importance, I could never understand why the Holy and August Sacrifice would be referred to by a word said to be derived from a dismissal, the traditional reading of Ite, missa est. Here are some translations from missals I have in my possession:

Allez, la Messe est dite (Manuel du Chrétien, 1921)

Idos: la Misa se ha terminado (Misal Práctico, 1950)

Go, the Mass is ended (The Key of Heaven, 1957)

Go : you are sent forth (St. John's Sunday Missal, 1962)

Go, it is the dismissal (The St. Edmund Campion Missal, 2012)

Go, the Mass is ended (Today's Mass: Missale Romanum, 2021)

It is of interest to note that the OED includes the following paragraph in small print:

The post-classical Latin word [missa] occurs with the sense ‘dismissal’ in secular and religious contexts in the late 4th and early 5th centuries (referring e.g. to dismissal from law courts, relief of a sentry, dismissal after a liturgical office, and denoting any of various religious services). The specifically liturgical senses, which are also recorded from this period (their chronological sequence is uncertain), are of disputed origin: explanations commonly start from the basic sense ‘dismissal’, but are generally divided between two different ‘dismissals’ occurring during the mass: the ritual missa catechumenorum or dismissal of catechumens at the point in the liturgy immediately before the celebration of the Eucharist (an explanation found already a636 in Isidore Origines 6. 18. 4), and the dismissal of the congregation at the end of the mass (compare the formula Ite, missa est preserved in the Catholic liturgy, which is itself of disputed interpretation, by some being explained as showing a participle, and by others a noun).[emphasis added]

If St. Thomas is correct in deriving the word Missa / Mass from Hostia ad Deum per Angelum missa est, everything now seems to make sense. The word Mass may be read as deriving from and referring to the offering (sending) of the sacrificial Victim (Hostia), Christ our Lord and Saviour. The Baltimore Catechism puts it quite succinctly:

Q. 917. What is the Mass?

A. The Mass is the unbloody sacrifice of the body and blood of Christ.

If Satan is, as we believe, behind the attacks on the Church, this would explain not only the attacks on the Mass itself but also the apparent hatred of the very word Mass, as it refers indirectly to the Saving Victim and His victory on the Cross.